It proved to the satisfaction of the Brotherhood that sectarian loyalty trumped Islamist solidarity for Khomeini and eliminated whatever appeal Khomeini might have had to the MB movement as a pan-Islamic leader. Some see a precursor of Pakistani ShiaSunni strife in the April 1979 execution of deposed President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on questionable charges by Islamic fundamentalist General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. [225], Islam is the dominant religion in Indonesia, which also has a larger Muslim population than any other country in the world, with approximately 202.9million identified as Muslim (88.2% of the total population) as of 2009. Always drinking my coffee cold and using social media to have a little escape for a few minutes before the little darlings find me! hernie inguinale traitement kin; jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni. The Shia campaign has clashed with Saudi Arabian, which also funds religious centers, school, and trains students and clerics, but as part of an effort to spread its competing Wahabbi interpretation of Islam. On the other hand, members of the Saudis' own Shia minority have complained of being treated as potential fifth columnists for Iran. They ended their vlog explaining how they wouldnt just not have a wedding and do nothing after that. In some countries like Iraq, Syria, Kuwait and Bahrain, communities have mingled and intermarried. Iran's Shia leaders are said to become "more determined" the more violent the anti-Shia attacks in Iraq become. [208] Pakistan has become a battleground between Saudi Arabia-funded Deobandi Sunni and Wahhabis and Iran-funded Shia resulting in the deaths of thousands of innocent Muslims. [108] "Even Afghan Shia refugees in Iran", driven from Afghanistan by Sunni extremism, have "reportedly been recruited by Tehran for the war in Syria". The findings of this research prove that the division between Sunni and Shia is not primarily based on religion, as many believe, rather, the division is a result of politics over time. [198], These latest measures come as the government faces a Sunni rebellion with a similar motivation to the Zaidi discontent. [240] One analyst told CNN that the US strategy on putting pressure on Iran by arming its Sunni neighbors is not a new strategy for the United States. The Syrian war has affected Hezbollah, which was once lauded by both Sunnis and Shi'ites for its battles against Israel, but now has lost support from many Sunnis for its military assistance to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. [234] The Shia community has also been subject to hate campaigns and intimidation, with fears of this escalating into violence. The "shadowy Sunni militant group Jundallah" has reportedly been receiving weaponry from the United States for these attacks according to the semi-official Fars News Agency. Hopefully, this will strengthen Muslim countries against oppressive pressure by the imperialist front.[257]. Saddam wanted Iraq to replace Iran as the dominant state in the Persian Gulf, but he was also worried that the Iranian revolution could have a ripple effect among his countrys Shia majority. [93], Some Western analysts assert that the US is practicing divide and rule strategy through the escalation of Sunni-Shia conflict. There are Roots of Religion (Usl al-Dn) and Branches of Religion (Furu al Din). Washington, DC: National Geographic 2008, "Hijab, The Muslim Womens Dress, Islamic or Cultural? [49] Like Sunnis, some Shia women, such as those in Iran and Iraq, use their hand to hold the black chador, in order to cover their faces when in public. Fundamentalist Sunni clerics have popularized slurs against Shia such as "Safawis" (from the Safavid empire, thus implying their being an Iranian agents), or even worse rafidha (rejecters of the faith), and majus (Zoroastrian or crypto Persian). Among those blaming the US invasion of Iraq are Fawaz Gerges, who writes in his book ISIS: A History, By destroying state institutions and establishing a sectarian-based political system, the 2003 US-led invasion polarized the country along Sunni-Shia lines and set the stage for a fierce, prolonged struggle driven by identity politics. In conservative Sunni monarchies (especially those with restless Shia populations) dislike and suspicion of Iran, the Shia bastion, is running higher than ever. Privacy Policy Agreement * I agree to the Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy. [108] Rebel groups with 10,000s of Sunni Syrian fighters such as Ahrar ash-Sham, the Islamic Front, and al-Qaeda's al-Nusra Front, employ anti-Shia rhetoric and foreign Arab and Western Sunni fighters have joined the rebels. Twelvers came to Iran from Arab regions in the course of four stages. "Today, Azerbaijan is probably the only country where there are still mixed mosques and Shia and Sunnis pray together. Both Shia and Sunni dissidents in Yemen have similar complaints about the governmentcooperation with the American government and an alleged failure to following Sharia law[194]but it's the Shia who have allegedly been singled out for government crackdown. [14][231], The majority adheres to the Sunni Muslim tradition mainly of the Shafi'i madhhab. [199][200][201], A March 2015 suicide bombing of two mosques (used mainly by supporters of the Zaidi Shia-led Houthi rebel movement), in the Yemeni capital of Sanaa, killed at least 137 people and wounded 300. Shia make up the majority of the citizen population in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, and Azerbaijan, as well as being a minority in Pakistan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Chad and Kuwait.[13][14]. The Majority of Saudi Shia belong to the sect of the Twelvers. The United States fears that Shiite rule in the Persian Gulf will lead to anti-US and anti-Western sentiment as well as Iranian influence in the Arab majority states. Since taking political power in 1979, Irans Shia clergy has been supporting the Shia Muslims of Iraq, Lebanon and Syria. Geographically, the Sunni/Shia picture differs across the Middle East and the rest of the world (see graphic, above). [147] These Sunni groups have been involved in violent activities in Iran and have waged terrorist[148] attacks against civilian centers, including an attack next to a girls' school[149] according to government sources. When police broke them up three days of rampage ensuedburned cars, attacked banks, looted shopscentered around Qatif. Of course, it cannot be denied that Iran's environment was more favourable to the flourishing of the Shi'ism as compared to all other parts of the Muslim world. Both the bride and the groom felt that making themselves happy was their top priority. In 1996 a leading Sunni, Abdulmalek Mollahzadeh, was gunned down by hitmen, allegedly hired by Tehran, as he was leaving his house in Karachi. [112] Shia scholar Vali Nasr believes the election turnout in summer and December 2005 confirmed a strong Shia majority in Iraq. Many distinctions can be made between Sunnis and Shias through observation alone: When prostrating during ritual prayer called Salah in Arabic. In terms of the world's total Muslim population, Sunnis and Shias disagree over what percentage each group owns, with Sunnis accounting for 80-90% of the total and Shias 10-20%. [128] An al-Qaeda-affiliated website posted a call for "a full-scale war on Shiites all over Iraq, whenever and wherever they are found. During the 20th century, an Islamic uprising in Syria occurred with sectarian religious overtones between the Alawite-dominated Assad government and the Islamist Sunni Muslim Brotherhood, culminating with the 1982 Hama massacre. [114], The Shia suffered indirect and direct persecution under post-colonial Iraqi governments since 1932, erupting into full-scale rebellions in 1935 and 1936. Though sectarian tensions in Lebanon were at their height during the Lebanese Civil War, the ShiaSunni relations were not the main conflict of the war. ", "Islam and Iran: A Historical Study of Mutual Services Part 2", "Four Centuries of Influence of Iraqi Shiism on Pre-Safavid Iran", "A Study of the Migration of Shi'i Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era. Nafeez Ahmed cites a 2008 RAND Corporation study for the American military which recommended "divide and rule" as a possible strategy against the Muslim world in "the Long War." [16] Despite the fact that Pakistan is a Sunni majority country, Shias have been elected to top offices and played an important part in the country's politics. The kings of the Kara Koyunlu dynasty ruled in Tabriz with a domain extending to Fars and Kerman. Saudi officials had no comment about Ahmadinejad's statements, but the Saudi official government news agency did say: The two leaders affirmed that the greatest danger presently threatening the Islamic nation is the attempt to fuel the fire of strife between Sunni and Shiite Muslims, and that efforts must concentrate on countering these attempts and closing ranks.[258]. [115] In 1969 the son of Iraq's highest Shia Ayatollah Muhsin al-Hakim was arrested and allegedly tortured. [238] Richard Engel, who is an NBC News Chief Foreign Correspondent, wrote an article in late 2011 alleging that the United States Government is pro-Sunni and anti-Shia. ShiaSunni conflict in Yemen involves the Shia insurgency in northern Yemen.[17]. Others insisted the Prophet had designated his cousin and son-in-law Ali as his legitimate heir. The word Shia in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people. [83] Millions of Saudi adhere to the school of Salafism which is a branch of Sunni Islam. In many other areas the population of Shias and Sunni was mixed. The Shia constitute around 20% of Kuwait,[26][27] 45% of the Muslim population in Lebanon, 10% of Saudi Arabia,[27][28] 12% of Syria, and 10% of Pakistan. In March 2005 Salt, al-Banna's home town, saw a three-day wake for al-Banna who Jordanian newspapers and celebrants proclaimed a martyr to Islam, which by definition made the Shia victims "infidels whose murder was justified." Some of the Ismailis whose power had been broken by the Mongols, went underground and appeared later within Sufi orders or as new branches of already existing orders. The domination of the Sunni creed during the first nine Islamic centuries characterizes the religious history of Iran during this period. [85] With the involvement of Lebanese Shia paramilitary group Hezbollah, the fighting in Syria has reignited "long-simmering tensions between Sunnis and Shiites" spilling over into Lebanon and Iraq. [96] "Where Iranian revolutionaries saw Islamic revolutionary stirrings, Sunnis saw mostly Shia mischief and a threat to Sunni predominance. Had Shi`ism not been deeply rooted in the Iranian spirit, the Safawids (9071145/15011732) would not have succeeded in converting Iranians to the Shi'i creed Ahl al-Bayt sheerly by capturing political power. [57] However many of these Shias come from Sayyid families with origins in tribes from Iraq, Lebanon and Bahrain, one of said tribes being al-Musawi, and two prevalent families that are descended from it and lived in Iran for some time before settling in Iraq are the al-Qazwini and al-Shahristani families. This gap continued until the 20th century. Devout women of the Shia traditionally wear black and yellow as do some Sunni women in the Persian Gulf. Now we are here to deal with you. Before his death Zarqawi was one to quote Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, especially his infamous statement urging followers to kill the Shia of Iraq,[127] and calling the Shias "snakes". (2004), "Mahdi", Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world, Thompson Gale, p.421, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAtlas_of_the_Middle_East_(Second_ed. [email protected] SHOP FARES .Watch the latest video from Jasmine & Dawoud (@jasmineanddawoud). In the 1980s, Ibrahim El-Zakzakya Nigerian admirer of the Iranian Revolution who lived in Iran for some years and converted to Shia Islamestablished the Islamic Movement of Nigeria. However, Shia opposition to the government was brutally suppressed, resulting in some 50,000 to 100,000 casualties and successive repression by Saddam's forces. [225], Shia Muslims protest that they have been persecuted by the Nigerian government. hopkins basketball coach; jackson county georgia news; ; hyrule warriors: zeit der verheerung schnell leveln Although he accompanied Muhammad for only four years, he managed to record ten times as many hadiths as Abu Bakr and Ali each. An animated A to Z guide for pupils aged 11-14 that explores and introduces a variety of religious topics. Ab anfa, for example, was imprisoned by al-Mansur and tortured. "[168], Forced into exile in the 1970s, Saudi Shia leader Hassan al-Saffar is said to have been "powerfully influenced" by the works of Sunni Islamists of the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e-Islami and by their call for Islamic revolution and an Islamic state. ShiaSunni strife inside of Afghanistan has mainly been a function of the puritanical Sunni Taliban's clashes with Shia Afghans, primarily the Hazara ethnic group. They had a photoshoot with close family and hosted a lunch to celebrate. [52] The Shia also believe that he promised them that the Caliphate, or at least religious authority, would be vested in the Shia Imam. [86] Bulgaria's ex-Ambassador Dimitar Mihaylov further claims that the current post-Arab Spring situation (encompassing ISIS, the Syrian civil war, Yemen, Iraq and others) represents a "qualitatively new" development in the history of Shi'a-Sunni dynamics. Historically, the inner rifts within Islamic ideology were to be hidden from the public sphere, while the new violent outbreaks highlight said rift in an obvious manner and is nourished by the two extremes of their mutual rivalry which will strongly affect both globally and regionally. Although reformist President Mohammad Khatami promised during his election campaign to build a Sunni mosque in Tehran, none was built during his eight years in office. Why is the Muslim Mamas voice missing in the self-help book space. Under Hafez al-Assad, Alawites dominated the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, a secular Arab nationalist party which had ruled Syria under a state of emergency from 1963 to 2011. Mass demonstrations have been held in favor of full-fledged democracy in March and June 2005, against an alleged insult to Ayatollah Khamenei in July 2005.[205]. [203] According to the CIA World Factbook, Al Wefaq the largest Shia political society, won the largest number of seats in the elected chamber of the legislature. They form a hardcore of Islamic activists, ever-ready to carry out a similar Taliban-style Islamic revolution in Pakistan. [65] Sufism played a major role in spread of Shiism in this time. The anti-Shia Afghan Taliban regime helped anti-Shia Pakistani groups and vice versa. She began posting travel vlogs to her self-titled YouTube channel in February 2017. Until recently ShiaSunni relations have been cordial, and a majority of people of both sects participated in the creation the state of Pakistan in the 1940s. A post shared by J A S M I N E F A R E S (@jasminefares). [237], In late 2006 or early 2007, in what journalist Seymour Hersh called The Redirection, the United States changed its policy in the Muslim world, shifting its support from the Shia to the Sunni, with the goal of "containing" Iran and as a by-product bolstering Sunni extremist groups. ", "How can Sunnis and Shiites tell each other apart? [139] In a joint appearance with former Iranian president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani calling for Shia-Sunni unity, Sunni Shiekh Yusuf al-Qaradawi complained that no ministers in Iran have been Sunni for a long time, that Sunni officials are scarce even in the regions with majority of Sunni population (such as Kurdistan, or Balochistan)[140] and despite the presence of Christian churches, as a prominent example of this discrimination. She did her honours bachelor in science and later realised that this career path was not for her. [56], Many Shia Iranians migrated to what is now Iraq in the 16th century. For every tear shed, it is said that a hundred sins are forgiven. [193] In 2013 a mob of several hundred attacked a house in the village of Abu Musallim near Cairo, dragging four Shia worshipers through the street before lynching them. The commonly-known term is shortened from the historical Shia't-Ali , or "the Party of Ali." This group is also known as Shiites or followers of Ahl al-Bayt or "People of the Household" (of the Prophet). Roughly forty years later the state was revived in Gilan (north-western Iran) and survived under Hasanid leaders until 1126. Read about our approach to external linking. Some Shia perform prayers more than once in quick succession (1+2+2 i.e. [29], Shias are about 5-to-10 percent of the entire Muslim world. They displayed mutual warmth with hugs and smiles for cameras and Anger against the United States was also fueled by the humiliating disbandment of the Iraqi army and the de-Baathification law, which was first introduced as a provision and then turned into a permanent article of the constitution.[97]. From the rules of both Sunni and Shia Islam, marriage between Sunni and Shia Muslim is allowed, and Sunni nikah is also recognized valid in Shia Islam; so it is not compulsory to change from this point. [104][105][106] Thus, although the Iranian revolution's leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, was very much in favor of ShiaSunni unity, and "the leadership position that went with it",[107] his revolution worked against it. This is known today as the Islamic schism. Recent tensions in the Middle East and Asia have been interpreted in some sections of the media as religious conflict between Sunnis and Shias. Shafi'i Sunnism was the dominant form of Islam in most of Iran until rise of the Safavid Empire although a significant undercurrent of Ismailism and a very large minority of Twelvers were present all over Persia. [164], Relations between the Shia and the Wahhabis are inherently strained because the Wahhabis consider the rituals of the Shia to be the epitome of shirk, or polytheism. Sunni Muslims are also present in more countries and regions throughout the world, whereas most of Shia Muslims live in four . Its the day we look forward to. They also believe in a devil, angels, and demons. The man can divorce the woman whenever he wants to in a Misyar marriage.[48]. She did her honours bachelor in science and later realised that this career path was not for her. The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by a new dynasty, the Abbasids. A mum blessed with 4 wonderful, super naughty children. An estimated 10,000 to 40,000 Syrians, mostly civilians, were killed by Syrian military in the city. In part because Saudi Arabia was the world's major international funder of Islamic schools, scholarships, and fellowships, this angered not only Saudi Arabia but its many fundamentalist allies and benefactors throughout the Arab world, according to Nasr.[102]. The two communities have often remained separate, mingling regularly only during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. This central position was transferred to Iran during the Safavid era for two-and-a-half centuries, after which it partly returned to Najaf. [133][134][135] According to the British television Channel 4, from 2005 through early 2006, commandos of the Ministry of the Interior which is controlled by the Badr Organization, and, who are almost exclusively Shia Muslimshave been implicated in rounding up and killing thousands of ordinary Sunni civilians. Jasmine Fares is a Lebanese 25 year old, who currently lives in Toronto. Let me know what you thought of each topic in the comments below! A series of short films in which Kaisan and Naeem (both 12 year's old) and 11-year-old Sara explain the traditions and beliefs of their Muslim faith. This spreading influence has caused concern to the Sunni rulers of Arab countries with Shia minorities, such as Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. Ismail I initiated a religious policy to recognize Shiism as the official religion of the Safavid Empire, and the fact that modern Iran and Azerbaijan remain majority-Shia states is a direct result of Ismail's actions. This dispute spread across various parts of the Muslim world, which eventually led to the Battle of the Camel and Battle of Siffin. The first Abbasid caliph, As-Saffah, recruited Shia support in his campaign against the Umayyads by emphasising his blood relationship to Muhammad's household through descent from his uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. With the passage of time, Iranians' readiness to practise Shi'ism grew day by day. After the death of Muhammad in 632, a group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Sunnis, believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr, whereas a second group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Shias, believed that his successor should have been Ali. The attack lasted for eight hours, after which the Wahhabis left the city with more than 4,000 camels carrying their plunder. Part of 18 things about ISIS you need to know One of the single most important factors in ISIS's resurgence is the conflict between Iraq's largest two Arab religious groups: Shias and Sunnis. (See 2007 Zahedan bombings for more information), Non-Sunni Iranian opposition parties, and Shia like Ayatollah Jalal Gangei have criticised the regime's treatment of Sunnis and confirmed many Sunni complaints. sergei fedorov current wife; melbourne demons 2017; gonzaga assistant coach salary; tribal loans florida. [225] According to Wikileaks, "Saudi cables" released in 2015 "reveal concern" about "Iran-driven Shiite expansion from Mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso and Nigeria" to Shia Islam has taken place in Nigeria since the Iranian Revolution. I answered some of your most commonly asked questions while getting ready! The Shia party/militia of Hezbollah emerged in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War as one of the strongest forces following the Israeli withdrawal in the year 2000, and the collapse of the South Lebanese Army in the South. Human Rights Watch has accused government-backed Shia militias of kidnapping and killing scores of Sunni civilians in 2014. ), Shia sources further claim that by the orders of the tenth Abbasid caliph, al-Mutawakkil, the tomb of the third Imam, Hussein ibn Ali in Karbala, was completely demolished,[54] and Shias were sometimes beheaded in groups, buried alive, or even placed alive within the walls of government buildings still under construction. They both believe that there is only one all-powerful God who created the world and all life in it. [119], According to one estimate, as of early 2008, 1,121 suicide bombers have blown themselves up in Iraq. According to Shia rights watch, in 2014 ISIS forces killed over 1,700 Shia civilians at Camp Speicher in Tikrit Iraq, and 670 Shia prisoners at the detention facility on the outskirts of Mosul. For Shias, Ashura is a day of mourning which commemorates the martyrdom of the Imam al-Husayn. There are many intermarriages between Shia and Sunnis in Pakistan. The world's Muslims fall into two major camps, Sunni and Shia, sometimes likened to Christianity's Catholics and Protestants. The concept of Shi'ism further crystallized around events at the Battle of Karbala, where Husayn ibn Ali, the son of Ali and grandson of the prophet, was killed alongside many of his supporters. The tensions blew into a limited warfare between Shia dominated and Sunni dominated political alliances in 2008. On the other hand, the Ismaili dawah ("missionary institution") sent missionaries (dut, sg. Many Sunnis hotly dispute their minority status, including ex-Iraqi Ambassador Faruq Ziada,[citation needed] and many believe Shia majority is "a myth spread by America". She did her honours bachelor in science and later realised that this career path was not for her. During this period, the Shia in Iran were nourished from Kufa, Baghdad and later from Najaf and Al Hillah. The US-led invasion also tilted the regional balance of power decisively" in favor of Shia Iran, alarming Sunni and leading to talk of a Shia Crescent. He continued the Umayyad dynastic practice of succession, and his brother al-Mansur succeeded him in 754. [156], Syria is approximately three quarters Sunni,[157] but its government is predominantly Alawite, a Shia sect that makes up less than 13% of the population. Zaidi are sometimes called "Fiver Shia" instead of Twelver Shia because they recognize the first four of the Twelve Imams but accept Zayd ibn Ali as their "Fifth Imm" rather than his brother Muhammad al-Baqir. They complain about the food and seating. They were all very materialistic complaints. [89], The year of the Iranian Islamic Revolution was "one of great ecumenical discourse",[90] and shared enthusiasm by both Shia and Sunni Islamists. Both the Sunni al-Qaeda and "Islamic State" consider Shia Muslims to be heretics. There were many between 1904 and 1908. In contrast, mainstream Sunnis believe the Mahdi will be named Muhammad, be a descendant of Muhammad, and will revive the faith, and forms an important component of Sunni eschatology, his appearance being considered the last of the minor signs of the Day of Judgment before its major signs. [255], Shia militias fighting ISIS have also been accused of atrocities. Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud bin Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz said: The two parties have agreed to stop any attempt aimed at spreading sectarian strife in the region. [108], Olivier Roy, research director at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, sees the "Shia awakening and its instrumentalisation by Iran" as leading to a "very violent Sunni reaction", starting first in Pakistan before spreading to "the rest of the Muslim world, without necessarily being as violent." In September 1996 more than 200 people were killed when a gun battle between teenage Shia and Sunni escalated into a communal war that lasted five days. "[101], Although the Iranian revolution's leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, was very much in favor of ShiaSunni unity, he also challenged Saudi Arabia, in his view an "unpopular and corrupt dictatorship" and an "American lackey" ripe for revolution. We decided to take measures to confront such plots. [256], In a special interview broadcast on Al Jazeera on 14 February 2007, former Iranian president and chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran, Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and highly influential Sunni scholar Yusuf al-Qaradawi, "stressed the impermissibility of the fighting between the Sunnis and the Shiis" and the need to "be aware of the conspiracies of the forces of hegemony and Zionism which aim to weaken [Islam] and tear it apart in Iraq. "[223], In Nigeriathe most populous country in Africauntil recently almost all Muslims were Sunni. This campaign forced most of the Shiites to disperse, with some fleeing south to Jabal Amel and some to the Bekaa, while a very small portion of them took on the practice of Taqiyya until the Ottomans came in 1517. The beautiful couple planned a lush honeymoon and they also bought a house! If your future groom wants to change to Sunni belief and practice, there's no formal reversion needed. [111] One Sunni belief shared by Jordan's King Abdullah as well as his then Defense Minister Shaalan is that Shia numbers in Iraq were inflated by Iranian Shias crossing the border. While the main responsibility of Sunni Caliphs was to maintain law and order in the Muslim realm, as descendants of the Prophet, Shia Imams (spiritual leaders) also provided religious guidance and were considered infallible. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used. "[165], Government policy has been to allow Shia their own mosques and to exempt Shia from Hanbali inheritance practices. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims are mainly expressed through different religious practices. How much of the conflict was sparked by Sunni versus Shia divisions and how much by Islamism versus secular-Arab-nationalism, is in question, but according to scholar Vali Nasr the failure of the Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic Republic of Iran to support the Muslim Brotherhood against the Baathists "earned [Khomeini] the Brotherhood's lasting contempt." [132], On the Shia side, in early February 2006 militia-dominated government death squads were reportedly "tortur[ing] to death or summarily" executing "hundreds" of Sunnis "every month in Baghdad alone," many arrested at random.