spanish armor found in arizona

Keep reading with a digital access subscription. Take a look at how the conquistadors tested the. On Twitter: @RefriedBrean. Forget everything you ever heard about the Seven Lost Cities of Gold. Swords, daggers, armor, stirrups, spurs, bridles, copper medallions and boxes, copper plates, French swords, Spanish musketry and metal lance heads have been found from San Angelo to Silver to . Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, The Green Children of Woolpit: Legendary Visitors from Another World, Medieval Sea Monster Was Likely a Whale, New Research Reveals, Adventist Adventurer Claimed to Have Found Ark of the Covenant Beneath Crucifixion Site, Human Origins According to Ancient Greek Mythology, The Curious Apparitions of Pagan Goddesses to the German Knights Templar, Research Confirms That 20% of the Neanderthal Genome Can Be Found In Modern Humans, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, Evidence that Noahs Ark Landed on a Mountain 17 Miles South of Ararat, The origins of human beings according to ancient Sumerian texts, An Unbreakable Story: The Lost Roman Invention of Flexible Glass, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort, The Evidence is Cut in Stone: A Compelling Argument for Lost High Technology in Ancient Egypt, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire. That puts her at odds with most researchers. For the most part, the Inca military was organized very much like our modern army. And it wasnt the first regardless, Flint added. Francisco Vsquez de Coronado (1510-1554) was a Spanish explorer and colonial official who is credited with one of the first European explorations of Arizona, New Mexico, and the Great Plains of North America. $151.79. The first native people of the American Southwest are the Paleoindian cultures, the Clovis and Folsom people who hunted the large ice-age mammals such as the mammoth, mastodon and ground sloth. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. (CC BY-SA 3.0 ) Other weapons, which may be Spanish as well, are located in Vernon Museum in Canada. But centuries ago, the land that is now the United States was a very different place What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? Elena Ortiz was in kindergarten when her father found out her school was performing the reenactment. These weapons could batter and bruise Spanish conquistadors, but only rarely did any serious damage through the heavy armor. Indigenous people had no answer for these weapons and armor. "Could it be armor that the Aztec picked off the western causeway after the battle with Cortez?" . The former mission is still visible today as a ruin. Gneric. Everyone wants to be first. The spring-loaded arm, known as a "dog" and trigger guard were once part of a wheellock pistol, according to the Museums of Western Colorado, which has released details of the fascinating find. Southwest in search of riches. Source: Frederic Remington / Public domain, Brean, H. 2022. During the excavation, the crew found evidence of a battle between the Spanish and the Indians, locating old weapons, skeletons, and part of old armor." View Known Bridges Excavated Around 1930 in a larger map Does anyone have a newspaper article that relates to this discovery? This was found resting on the floor of a structure that, according to Seymour, could be part of the oldest European settlement in the United States. In a similar vein, Flint said I think Deni's finds are certainly fascinating and probably indicate the presence of the Coronado expedition. NFTs Simplified > Uncategorized > spanish armor found in arizona. It sure sounds like shes found an exciting site. Seymour expects to publish the first of several peer-reviewed papers on her discovery sometime this spring. Although it has long been debated among professional and amateur historians, the question of the exact route Coronado and his band took to reach the Zuni pueblos region hasnt been satisfactorily settled. In the Kannah Creek area of western Colorado, about 25 miles south of Grand Junction, archaeologists found part of a Spanish pistol that was dated at about 500 years old. "the law in arizona claims any and all treasure found in the state." Utter nonsense. New Mexico historian Richard Flint had a similar reaction: excited by Seymour's discovery, skeptical about her conclusions. Relics have been unearthed across an area that stretches for well over half a mile. In its most basic form, it is a bullet-shaped helm with a large T in front of the eyes, nose, and mouth. https://www.thoughtco.com/armor-and-weapons-of-spanish-conquistadors-2136508 (accessed March 5, 2023). On the mule trails of the old Spanish routes were 300 Mexican straw sandals found, and some pieces of old Spanish armor. Share this . And it wasn't the first regardless, Flint added. [6] Eventually, the Spanish made peace with the Apache, by giving them beef, blankets, and guns in return of them living in the establacimientos de paz (peace camps). The "trophy artifact" is a bronze wall gun more than 3 feet long and weighing roughly 40 pounds found sitting on the floor of a structure that she said could be proof of the oldest European settlement in the continental United States. The ancient Greeks were no different. She said she only brings along people she can trust, and only on the condition that they not reveal the location or take anyone else there on their own. 16921770, 17831837, 1859present. He wrote about the environment for the Las Vegas Review-Journal for 16 years. The big question in my mind is whether it disagrees with the earlier interpretation of where the Coronado Expedition went. Seymour knows she can't keep the site a secret forever, but she wants to protect it for as long as she can. The discovery of the relics in Arizonas Santa Cruz County could rewrite the history of the Coronado expedition, archaeologist Deni Seymour said in a lecture on the find. Gillette, Arizona, a milling town for the nearby Tip Top Mine began in 1876 and like so many towns of the Wild West . They thought they were going to China, Flint said. In 1776, Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate was founded near what is now Tombstone, Arizona. Francis, J. Michael, ed. I think Denis finds are certainly fascinating and probably indicate the presence of the Coronado expedition, Flint said. The Spanish who came to settle the New World were generally not farmers and craftsmen but soldiers, adventurers, and mercenaries looking for a quick fortune. "Virtually anything that is found about the Coronado Expedition has the chance to shed new light on something that was not known.". Its unquestionably Coronado, Seymour, who calls herself the Sherlock Holmes of history, said to azcentral. "I think we're going to start finding a lot more Coronado sites. There are a lot of naysayers, she said. Armory's Madrid. A full suit of metal armor weighed about 60 pounds and the weight was well distributed over the body, allowing it to be worn for long periods of time without causing much fatigue. It generally included even armored boots and gloves or gauntlets. But that was before all these artifacts turned up in an entirely different river valley. [1] Most of the missions founded by Kino were destroyed and/or abandoned because of native American attacks. ", The Spanish "had a major presence here, and they had major conflicts with the natives here," Seymour said. "What we have is a named place," she said, "a place named in the Coronado papers.". Spanish armor, mostly made in Toledo, was among the finest in the world. You have permission to edit this article. This goes contrary to the generally held belief among historians. The longtime Southern Arizona researcher also claims to have found Coronado artifacts at two other spots about 6 miles apart in the San Bernardino Valley, roughly 100 miles east as the crow flies from her main site in Santa Cruz County. That in itself would be worth a fortune today! Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronado-expedition-1540-artifatcs-found-arizona-archaeologist/, Deni Seymour. 1500-1533) fill up a large room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his freedom. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. The collection of the Kamloops Museum also contains a head of a half-pike, the type of weapon used by Spaniards in the mid-17th century. Seymour is far less measured. Along with Yellowstone and Yosemite, it is one of the crown jewel, Contact reporter Henry Brean at [email protected] or 573-4283. It is also difficult to believe that the Spanish used horses to travel up the Columbia River and in the Interior Mountains. Decorations Revealed on Conserved Spanish Armor. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? Those are the most "diagnostic" artifacts from the Coronado Expedition, Flint said, and to find so many crossbow bolts in particular is convincing evidence of a significant skirmish. ", First published on February 14, 2022 / 6:22 AM. The helmet most commonly associated with the conquistadors was the morion, a heavy steel helm with a pronounced crest or comb on top and sweeping sides that cametopoints on either end. While preparing an upcoming exhibit, Virgin of Guadalupe: Empress of the Americas, the Houston Museum of Natural Science asked to borrow our morion helmet (left) and a breastplate. We have clear evidence of battle. Black Standard. "I don't want to be in competition with treasure hunters.". In Peru, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541) demanded that the Incan Emperor Atahualpa (ca. "(The documentary) is important so people can see and understand the discovery process.". The Spanish armor and weapons had much to do with their success. "Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors." Seymour hasnt kept the dig site entirely to herself. Francisco Coronado on 1540 expedition from Mexico through American Southwest. The Bronze wall gun, viewed as the trophy artifact. Lawmakers want to strip 19 cities' rights but Tucson is real target, Celebrity Las Vegas chefs opening Tucson restaurant, A bunch of photos of today's snow across Tucson , The highly anticipated Portillo's is now open in Tucson, 'Attainable' apartments coming to northwest Tucson, A big ol' guide to this weekend's Tucson Festival of Books, Watch: The most notable things Tommy Lloyd said after Arizona's heartbreaking loss to ASU, New game, entertainment center makes southwest Tucson a bigger draw, South Tucson motel sold to soup kitchen for housing, 100 fun events happening in Tucson this March 2023 , Tim Steller's column: Converting Tucson's big boxes, vast parking lots into housing tantalizes, Tucson lawmaker loses first bid to dump cities' rights, 'Extreme weather' closes parts of Interstates 17, 40 in Arizona, Photos: Saguaro National Park through the years, Photos: Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, Photos: Tumacacori National Historic Park, Photos: Wupatki, Sunset Crater and Walnut Canyon national monuments, Photos: Grand Canyon National Park turns 100 years old, Here's why we're adding subscriber-only content to Tucson.com, Flow of Anglos had reshaped the city by statehood, Art exhibit on Tumamoc Hill invites visitors to wax poetic about climate change, Close look at Mission San Xavier's intricate entrance reveals surprises, After run with rock legends, Tucson woman got back to where she once belonged, New museum aims to tell story of Black experience in Tucson and beyond, Park Service to survey visitors after another record year at Saguaro, Groups ripping out old barbed wire that blocks wildlife movement west of Tucson, Rep. Juan Ciscomani on bilingual upbringing, Alaskas Iditarod kicks off with ceremonial start, Recapping Christopher Clements' trial in Tucson, Removal of golf course saguaros stirs controversy. All but one or two family members were supposedly killed by Apaches while carting gold to Mexico; the rest escaped. Near the B, hidden in the rocks was a small cave, and in it her husband found Spanish Writings on the wall of the cave. It took a long time, a couple of generations, for people to become convinced they hadnt landed in Asia.. In Europe, the armored knight had dominated the battlefield for centuries and weapons such as the harquebus and crossbow were specifically designed to pierce armor and defeat them. The independent researcher revealed her find on Jan. 29 in a sold-out lecture to more than 100 people at Tubac Presidio State Historic Park. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. The chest was protected by a breast plate of armor, and an armor back plate. In the late 18th century, the Spanish had made peace with the Apache, allowing the area to prosper. / AP. In 1540, Spanish conquistador Francisco Vzquez de Coronado led an armed expedition of more than 2,500 Europeans and Mexican-Indian allies through what is now Mexico and the American Southwest in . 6 min read. Credit Michele Skalicky. "As archaeologists, we get to see the coolest stuff" and go to places others can't go, she said. In 1540, Francisco Vzquez de Coronado explored eastern Arizona also in search of the mythical cities. However, following a Quechan raid in 1781 that destroyed two mission near present-day Yuma, the two regions remained isolated. Deni Seymour said she has unearthed hundreds of artifacts linked to the 16th century Spanish expedition, including pieces of iron and copper crossbow bolts, distinctive caret-headed nails, a medieval horseshoe and spur, a sword point and bits of chain mail armor. In April 1541, the entire army marched east to the Texas panhandle, and in May Coronado and . Tucson archaeologist Deni Seymour digs for artifacts from the Coronado Expedition at an undisclosed site in Santa Cruz County. In 1691, the Jesuit missionary, Father Eusebio Francisco Kino travelled through the Pimera Alta, establishing missions to convert the natives to Christianity. The envisioned revelation, the feared end of the world that will herald an age of purification through horrific and chaotic means Every culture has an explanation about how we got here. Seymour is not disclosing the exact location of the archaeological site, but her general description in the Santa Cruz Valley places it at least 40 miles west of Coronado National Memorial, which overlooks the San Pedro River and the U.S.-Mexico border south of Sierra Vista. When the spoils were divided, cavalrymen received a much higher share of the treasure than foot soldiers. Prior to her discovery, Seymour says she too subscribed to the consensus view. With Kansas eliminated, at least to his satisfaction, Cannon explains . In last weeks top stories; Coronado Expedition Site found, ancient reindeer hunting techniques revealed, oldest road in Berlin uncovered, ever-burning lamps explored, possibly the best exhibition As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. Flint and his historian wife, Shirley Cushing Flint, are among the worlds leading experts on the expedition. In more than 40 years of research, theyve written eight books and countless academic papers on the topic. (This discovery) is important, even if its not the first, Flint said. (36) $13,599.15. Those are the most diagnostic artifacts from the Coronado Expedition, Flint said, and to find so many crossbow bolts in particular is convincing evidence of a significant skirmish. The Spanish city of Toledo was known as one of the best places in the world for making arms and armor and a fine Toledo sword was a valuable weapon indeed. I dont think it undermines earlier thoughts that they came up the San Pedro.. His quest was to find gold. ( Coronado We Did It ). spanish armor found in arizonasour milk bread recipes no yeastsour milk bread recipes no yeast Fortunately, the article "Finds Show Spanish Expedition Visited Loup Valley in 1720," published in the Columbus Daily Telegram on Aug. 2, 1924, gave a fairly accurate description of the two bronze artifacts found by Blackman. To counter this, the Spanish Army built several presidios in northern New Spain. In 1680, the Pueblo Revolt resulted in the destruction of all three missions, greatly limiting Spanish influence in the region. Many people incorrectly think that it was firearms that doomed the New World Natives, but that's not the case. This page provides a guide for where to find many of them, from Santa Fe to Albuquerque to Southern New Mexico. (This discovery) is important, even if it's not the first," Flint said. $59.98. Perhaps this could lend a clue to pinpoint the actual treasure . Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors. However, Seymour dismisses the skepticism. New Mexico historian Richard Flint had a similar reaction: excited by Seymours discovery, skeptical about her conclusions. A panoramic image shows an orphan section of border wall along the U.S.-Mexico at Marker 102, the southern terminus of the Arizona Trail at Coronado National Memorial in Arizona. (2021, April 4). I don't think it undermines earlier thoughts that they came up the San Pedro, Hartmann said after attending her lecture, according to CBS. Aztec warriors occasionally had amacuahuitl, a wooden sword with jagged obsidian shards set in the sides: it was a lethal weapon, but still no match for steel. In close combat, a rider would use his sword. They knew nothing, of course, about the continents that were in the way, Flint said. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Ftubacpresidiopark%2Fposts%2F3274737226108040, Morrison, R. 2022. Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty, "Rock star" reptile breeder murdered; Coroner: "Not a random act", Nikki Haley slams potential GOP contenders, and Trump and George W. Bush. The Dictionary of the Spanish Language published by the Royal Spanish . This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. [5] Multiple battles took place at Tucson between the Spanish and the Apache. 4 Vintage 1968 HOMCO Home Interior Coat of Arms, Armor, Arrows, Spanish Conquistador Wall Decor, Made in the USA, Bronze w Gold Wall Plaques. Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, From Ancient Mystery School to Culture Capital: Eleusis Secret Past is Recognized, Iron Age Comb Made from Human Skull Discovered Near Cambridge, Dizzying Inca Rope Bridges Were Grass-Made Marvels of Engineering, Two Centuries Of Naval Espionage In Europe, What is Shambhala? "We still have a lot of work to do," she said. Henry joined the Star in 2019 after 25 years at Nevada newspapers. Bill Hartmann is an accomplished Tucson astronomer, who has also been investigating and writing about Coronado for more than 20 years. 24 premium economy seats . Other cultures used a sort of sling to hurl a stone with great force. MEXICO CITY -- A four-pound chunk of gold unearthed from a construction site may be the the first item ever recovered from the fabled Montezuma Treasure plundered by Spanish conquistadors 460 . How to use armor in a sentence. "The site keeps giving and giving," she said. 2B Fig. (Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau Nieto / CC BY-SA 4.0 ). dxterity stock symbol / nice houses for sale near amsterdam / nice houses for sale near amsterdam In South America, some cultures developed bows and arrows, although they were rarely able to pierce armor. The extant mission church was completed in 1797. Seymour is claiming that her discovery proves beyond any doubt that Coronado and his army actually entered Arizona along the Santa Cruz River before eventually heading east. $10700$114.00. Weekend Staycation in Tucson. The Downtown Clifton Hotel. Like the cavalry, Spanish foot soldiers made good use of swords. During the time of the Conquistadores, we have learned that the actual presence of armor cuirass and mail seems to have been less than often presumed, and more common became the wearing of leather doublets or jerkins or heavy cotton/wool armor favored by the Aztecs. Feb. 13, 2022, at 11:32 p.m. Tucson Archaeologist: Found Artifacts Linked to 16th Century. Subsequent attempts to reestablish the missions in Hopi villages were met with repeated failures. #1. When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, they switched to granting large tracts of land to settle the frontier. Seymour believes her discovery proves once and for all that Coronado and company actually entered Arizona along the Santa Cruz River before eventually heading east. Silk was the most valuable commodity in the world at that time. Share. Medieval best German Armour of Gold Etched Spanish Knight Suit of Armor Replica Armor Suit 18 Guage Steel. Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of the Inca. In the 18th century, many native tribes were attacking Spanish settlements in Arizona. Theres no question.. Seymour said she once favored the San Pedro route, too. The back plate was found in a cave 25 miles south of Phoenix. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. Christopher Columbus discovered previously unknown lands in 1492, and within 20 years the conquest of these new lands was proceeding quickly. Even parts of the body such as elbows and shoulders, which require movement, were protected by a series of overlapping plates, meaning that there were very few vulnerable spots on a fully armored conquistador. Franklin Roosevelt, Organ Pipe NM in Southwestern Arizona encompasses more than 330,000 acres, much of it wildern, Chiricahua National Monument near Willcox, Ariz., established in 1924, is awonderland of standing-up rocks: pinnacles, spires, sheer stone co. During the Middle Ages, exorcisms were commonplace to rid individuals of supposed demonic possession. The Spaniards used a "cross and sword" method, combining religious conversion with military might to claim the territory. There is no . Seymour hasn't kept the dig site entirely to herself. Millions died of new illnesses brought by the Spanish such as smallpox. There was also a great deal of luck involved. There were two sorts of Spanish conquistadors: horsemen or cavalry and foot soldiers or infantry. ( YouTube screenshot ). Just over $8,400 had been raised so far for the film, but the crowdfunding campaign was still well short of its $100,000 goal. The Spanish horsemen generally had two sorts of weapons: lances and swords. There was a cross carved in the wall as well. 1969, pp. Aztec warriors used theatlatl, a device used to hurl javelins or darts at great velocity. We have clear evidence of battle, said Seymour, who has written dozens of academic books and papers about the region and its early native inhabitants. The cave was sealed up until it was re-discovered in 1885 by an old Spaniard from Madrid. Vtg knight Templar statue Santiago medieval sword shield copper Spanish tutor A. Later in the conquest, as conquistadors realized that full suits of armor were overkill in the New World, some of them switched to lighter chainmail, which was just as effective. On Spanish Missions in neighboring regions: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. An Arizona-based archaeologist claims to have found artifacts linked to the famous 16th-century Spanish Coronado Expedition led by Spanish conquistador Francisco Vzquez de Coronado. Additionally, the challenges criticising the route taken have such comments as most likely. Although Seymour, an independent researcher, hasnt disclosed the exact location of the site, going by her description, it is at least 40 miles (64 kilometers) west of Coronado National Memorial, which overlooks the US-Mexico border, reported CBS. thoroughly America, For Star subscribers: Tucson's Planetary Science Institute at 50: From four young researchers to a worldwide team of more than 100 scientists , Starting Saturday, Jan. 29, hikers on Tucson's Tumamoc Hill can also exercise their creativity with a collaborative art installation designed , For Star subscribers: Tucson is home to what might be the world's largest academic collectionof video games and game-related artifacts. Hernn Corts.Ages of Exploration, The Mariners' Museum and Park. Though professional archeologists and amateur sleuths have puzzled over it for close to 150 years, Coronado's exact route through Arizona to the elaborate Zuni pueblos of northern New Mexico remains a mystery. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. Their armor was generally intended to intimidate as much as protect: it was often very colorful and beautiful. She has invited a handful of fellow researchers to see where she is working. If you want my FULL Phoenix and Tucson Travel Planner with day trips and things to do in Phoenix and Tucson, it is available for $4.99. Also in the 1930's a man stumbled upon a cave in the Caballos that contained a full suit of Spanish armor. As far as she is concerned, this discovery is so important, so game-changing that it could wind up as a national monument or a World Heritage Site someday. mail armor. This uniform was not a total loss on defense however. What we have is a named place, a place named in the Coronado papers.. or Best Offer. "There's no question.". In the Natural History Museum in Mesa, there is a piece of conquistador armor that was stated to have been found somewhere in the mountains south (I think they said "20 miles south of here"). I don't think it undermines earlier thoughts that they came up the San Pedro.". This statement might explain the discovery of 16 th Spanish weapons and breastplates at several locations south of Blood Mountain and Brasstown Bald Mountain. February 14, 2022 / 6:22 AM "We have clear evidence of battle," said Seymour, who has written dozens of academic books and papers about the region and its early native inhabitants. To Hartmann, calling the site a settlement is a bit far-fetched, while Flint disputes the claim of it being the first because by the time San Geronimo III was established, Coronado had already been deep into New Mexico , clashed with the Native Americans Indians. Clusters of lead shot and distinctive Sobaipuri arrowheads tell the story of their final confrontation, which sent the Spaniards retreating back to the south. 20-26; Joe Boetcher, <<The Mystery of the Spanish Armor,,, Empire Magazine; The Denver Post, Denver, April 13, 1980. The two-year journey took them as far north and east as present-day Kansas and brought them into contact and often conflict with centuries-old Indigenous cultures along the way. Chelsea House Publishers, 2006, Philadelphia. Seymour is far less measured. spanish armor found in arizona. Nefer Say Nefer - Was Nefertiti Buried in the Valley of the Queens? The Spanish city of Toledo was known as one of the best places in the world for making arms and armor and a fine Toledo sword was a valuable weapon indeed. Francisco Vsquez de Coronado was born in Salamanca, the second son of Juan Vsquez de Coronado, a wealthy nobleman. Corbin Ekberg shares details about the Spanish Conquistador Armor on display in the Native Americans Gallery. What we have is a named place, she said, a place named in the Coronado papers.. The extensive finding of artifacts identified with Spain does indicate some sort of settlement, and not a site that was used for a couple of days or a couple of weeks. A group of armor scales found in New Mexico (USA) is critically examined from an archeological and histo- . Many foot soldiers, meanwhile, preferred to . In these pueblos, Coronado heard stories of an another wealthy trade center, Quivira, to the northeast. This thing . This theory is supported by a later finding of a suit of Spanish armor found along the banks of the Purgatory River, as well as a skeleton and ancient firearm found in a cave east of the Willow-Vogel Canyon junction in 1924. . (The documentary) is important so people can see and understand the discovery process.. Seymour believes her discovery proves once and for all that Coronado and company actually entered Arizona along the Santa Cruz River before eventually heading east. Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs, 10 Notable Spanish Conquistadors Throughout History, Biography of Pedro de Alvarado, Conquistador, Biography of Diego de Almagro, Spanish Conquistador, Spain's American Colonies and the Encomienda System, 8 Important Figures in the Conquest of the Aztec Empire, Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico.

The Most Psychic Zodiac Sign, Bernard Garrett Sr Obituary, Bolsa Chica State Beach Annual Parking Pass, Articles S