/Parent 2 0 R A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /ParentTree 19 0 R The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /Contents 44 0 R can use quick, automatic heuristics without deliberating in some contexts & controlled, effortful thinking with carefuldeliberation in others, SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE Explores the neurologicalunderpinnings of processestraditionally examined by socialpsychology, use of fMRI to study brainphenomena, e.g. >> /GS7 27 0 R Unfortunately for this moral responsibility refuge, natural science has now scouted this cognitive corner. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert /Resources << I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. /Type /Group Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> /FontDescriptor 364 0 R ->paying an increase of the original price for extras /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. \end{array} heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. 20 0 obj as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category /F3 23 0 R What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. . Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. << In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. Cookie policy. What are its consequences? Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] endobj endobj /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /CS /DeviceRGB What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /FirstChar 32 /ExtGState << /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. /F2 22 0 R But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . /Resources << >> /F2 22 0 R [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous stream Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. /Header /Sect << How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. /Type /Page /Type /ExtGState /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive Fugelsang . >> /K [20 0 R] The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. /CS /DeviceRGB >> /GS8 28 0 R 26 0 obj -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better /GS8 28 0 R 15 0 obj The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. /Tabs /S ]"&4v Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. -Out group: (them) /Tabs /S CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> >> providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. /Contents 43 0 R /FirstChar 32 HWKoFW. /F4 24 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Contents 40 0 R 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ endobj This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. << However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. >> In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under 18 0 obj -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R What causes deindividuation? The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. 12 0 obj 6,000 & 7,000 \\ [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories 269273 . >> %
who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. 5 0 obj Discuss the validity of each statement. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. What is social comparison theory? What is the probability that he will be a good president?" -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue /GS7 27 0 R /S /Part Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. /CS /DeviceRGB /F4 24 0 R /F3 23 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. /F1 21 0 R >> What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? /LastChar 32 -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. /Type /Group [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 perception of our world. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. -Obedience: submission to authority [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /Parent 2 0 R /ExtGState << /F1 21 0 R >> /Font << Which is viewed as more homogeneous? /MarkInfo << How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F1 21 0 R << In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. What variables influence whether or not people conform? If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people << In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Parent 2 0 R You could also do it yourself at any point in time. /Font << When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. >> A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. >> What is the difference between them? 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R endobj For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. endobj Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? What is culture? -In group: (us) 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. /Font << 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 72 0 R] System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /Group << /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') >> Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. It spans a topic. >> Please sign in to share these flashcards. /CS /DeviceRGB /Subtype /Type1 Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. >> What is in-group bias? Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /F3 23 0 R Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". 4 0 obj Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R /Annots [51 0 R] 1 0 obj <> In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] >> /FontDescriptor 365 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] /Font << -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what << /Length 2864 adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. 260 0 R 261 0 R] -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. << /Workbook /Document April 2013 . [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. /CS /DeviceRGB /Resources << others. Under what conditions are people most likely to help? << What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. >> [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. /GS7 27 0 R Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. /F4 24 0 R endobj 23 0 obj Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). If not, give a counterexample. -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. /GS7 27 0 R /Subtype /TrueType variability, when the category is. [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. %PDF-1.3 The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process.
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